Diabetes in Pets
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! bgcolor="ivory" |can produce false<br> urine glucose test results<ref>[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/191262.htm Merck Veterinary Manual-Chloramphenicol and Congeners-Special Clinical Concerns]</ref>.
 
! bgcolor="ivory" |can produce false<br> urine glucose test results<ref>[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/191262.htm Merck Veterinary Manual-Chloramphenicol and Congeners-Special Clinical Concerns]</ref>.
 
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! width="200" style="background:ivory;"|Tetracycline<ref>[http://www.petalk.com/drug-dosages.html#Tetracycline PetTalk.com-Tetracycline]</ref><br>Helidac,Sumycin<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682098.html#brand-names Tetracycline Medications & False Urine Test Results]</ref><br>Doxycycline<ref>[http://www.petalk.com/drug-dosages.html#Doxycycline PetTalk.com-Doxycycline]</ref><br>Doryx, Doxy 100<br>Monodox, Vibramycin<br>Vibra-Tabs, Ronaxan (UK) <ref>[http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/Merial_Animal_Health_Ltd/Ronaxan/-31744.html NOAH Compendium-UK-Ronaxan]</ref><br>'''Doxyseptin''' (UK)<ref>[http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/V_AOk-toquinol_UK_Ltd/Doxyseptin_300/-31879.html NOAH Compendium-UK-Doxyseptin]</ref>
+
! width="200" style="background:ivory;"|Tetracycline<ref>[http://www.petalk.com/drug-dosages.html#Tetracycline PetTalk.com-Tetracycline]</ref><br>Helidac,Sumycin<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682098.html Tetracycline Medications & False Urine Test Results]</ref><br>Doxycycline<ref>[http://www.petalk.com/drug-dosages.html#Doxycycline PetTalk.com-Doxycycline]</ref><br>Doryx, Doxy 100<br>Monodox, Vibramycin<br>Vibra-Tabs, Ronaxan (UK) <ref>[http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/Merial_Animal_Health_Ltd/Ronaxan/-31744.html NOAH Compendium-UK-Ronaxan]</ref><br>'''Doxyseptin''' (UK)<ref>[http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/V_AOk-toquinol_UK_Ltd/Doxyseptin_300/-31879.html NOAH Compendium-UK-Doxyseptin]</ref>
! bgcolor="ivory" |false urine glucose test results<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682063.html#brand-names Doxycycline Medications & False Urine Test Results]</ref>
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! bgcolor="ivory" |false urine glucose test results<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682063.html Doxycycline Medications & False Urine Test Results]</ref>
 
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! width="200" style="background:ivory;"|Penicillin and its derivatives<br>ampicillin<br> carbenicillin<br>ticarcillin<br>penicillin G<br>other names at links<ref>[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tphm29.htm Merck Veterinary Manual-Dose Rate of Penicillins-More Generic & Brand Names of Penicillin Family Drugs]</ref><ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html US National Institutes of Health-Medline-Penicillins]</ref>
 
! width="200" style="background:ivory;"|Penicillin and its derivatives<br>ampicillin<br> carbenicillin<br>ticarcillin<br>penicillin G<br>other names at links<ref>[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tphm29.htm Merck Veterinary Manual-Dose Rate of Penicillins-More Generic & Brand Names of Penicillin Family Drugs]</ref><ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html US National Institutes of Health-Medline-Penicillins]</ref>

Revision as of 20:28, 26 May 2009

Human and animal diabetics both use ketostix or ketodiastix. These are reagent indicator strips that test urine for only ketone (ketostix) or for both ketones and glucose (ketodiastix). These links show examples of Ketostix[1] and Ketodiastix[2].

These stix are available at any brick-and-mortar or Internet pharmacy that sells human diabetic supplies. Stix do expire, so check the unopened expiration date when you buy them and record the date you open them. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use; prolonged exposure to air can produce false negative urine ketone test results[3].

If the foil-wrapped Ketostix, rather than the ones in vials are purchased, you may find it less wasteful. After the bottle is opened, the remaining unused strips have only a 6 months' life. By using the foil-wrapped ones, you can extend the "life" of your purchase. The singly-wrapped ones can have a unopened expiration date of up to two years. You are then only using what you need when you need it, having the rest still sealed and potent until the indicated expiration date[4].

Testing reasons

You should test your pet's urine for ketones for the reasons discussed at ketones. You may test your pet's urine for glucose because (1) you've been instructed to do so by the vet as a method of gauging regulation, (2) your pet is undiagnosed and you want to determine whether there is hyperglycemia, or (3) your cat is in remission and you want to determine whether there is hyperglycemia.

Urine Glucose Testing

Some reasons for preferring testing glucose levels by using blood over urine testing is that the urine used in testing may have been in the bladder for hours. Because of this, it may not be a reliable indicator of what systemic glucose levels are at the time of testing[5]. What's seen when testing urine for glucose is an average of what the level of glucose has been over a period of about 5-8 hours (the time period from last urination)[6].

Urine testing[7] also makes it more difficult to determine whether any hyperglycemia noted is the result of a Somogyi rebound pattern or a true need for an increase in insulin dosage. Urine only tests positive for glucose when the renal threshold has been exceeded for a length of time[8].

There also must be some degree of glycosuria (glucose in urine) present in order for a urine test to detect development of hypoglycemia[9].

Reading Results

Evaluating the results. The stix bottle has instructions and color charts to show you how the color on the stix will change given the level of ketones/glucose in the urine over 15 (ketones) or 30 (glucose) seconds. Be sure to read the colors at those time intervals because the colors will continue to darken and a later reading will be an incorrect result. Timing with a clock or watch second hand instead of counting is said to be more accurate[10].

  • If you see a "trace" or more of ketones, see ketones.
  • The glucose portion of the stix measures your pet's glycosuria--that is, the glucose that has collected in your pet's bladder since s/he last urinated. If you see any color change in the glucose portion of the stix, that means that your pet has exceeded its renal threshhold since it last urinated. The darker the color, the higher your pet's BG level has been since its last urination. Note that positive urinary glucose results are not indicative of your pet's blood glucose level at the time it urinated. No meaningful conversion between urine glucose and blood glucose readings is possible.
  • If you are testing urine for glucose, the time you test likely affects results in this way: mid-day urine glucose tests would reflect the nadir of glucose in the system--this also represents the peak of the insulin. Morning urine glucose tests are frequently high. Seeing negative urine glucose test, especially repeated negative ones, can mean the pet is approaching hypoglycemia[11].

Medications & Urine Test Results

Antibiotic[12]/Sulfa[13][14][15] drug name Effects
cephalexin, Keflex[16]
Cephorum (UK),[17]Rilexine[18]
Cefixime/Suprax[19]
Cefotixin/Mefoxin[20]
Cefpodoxime Proxetil/Simplicef[21]Cefotaxime/Claforan[22]
other cephalosporin antibiotics[23]
enrofloxacin[24]
Baytril[25]
less than accurate
(false negatives & positives)
urine glucose test results[26]
Gantrisin, Septra
Bactrim, Albon[27]
Chanoprim (UK)[28]
Duphatrim (UK)[29]
Tribrissen (UK)[30]
Trinacol (UK)[31]
more names at link[32]
can alter urine glucose
test results[33][34]
Chloramphenichol[35]
Chloromycetin[36]
can produce false
urine glucose test results[37].
Tetracycline[38]
Helidac,Sumycin[39]
Doxycycline[40]
Doryx, Doxy 100
Monodox, Vibramycin
Vibra-Tabs, Ronaxan (UK) [41]
Doxyseptin (UK)[42]
false urine glucose test results[43]
Penicillin and its derivatives
ampicillin
carbenicillin
ticarcillin
penicillin G
other names at links[44][45]
can produce false positive
urine glucose test results[46].


Possible False Urine Ketone Test Results

Valproic Acid (brand names)
Depakene, Depakote, Divalproex Sodium[47]
Common use:
Treatment of epilepsy.
Cefixime/Suprax[48] Common use:
Antibiotic.


Vitamin C Supplements[49][50]

Possible False Test Results

Blood Chemistry Decreased blood glucose and cholesterol test levels.
Urine Testing False high urine glucose test results

(With urine test brand name Clinitest)[51].

Urine Testing False negative urine glucose test results

(With urine test brand name Clinistix)[52].

Urine Testing False negative urine ketone test results[53]


If your pet is taking any type of vitamin supplements, it should be noted on his or her medical records. Knowing that he/she is using them means being able to factor them into interpretations of test results.

Getting samples

How to catch urine. Some people place the stix under their pet's stream when s/he is urinating. Others catch urine in a dedicated spoon, ladle, or other collection device and dip the stix into the urine. Sometimes, catching urine from a cat requires stalking it. This can be a challenge in the UK where many cats are allowed outdoors to relieve themselves. Still others confine the cat to a small space (a bathroom) with an empty or almost empty litter box covered with plastic wrap that will catch the urine. Intervet has Internet pages with some ideas for performing urine tests on cats[54] and dogs[55]. More tips[56] on collecting uring samples for dogs.

Further Reading

Wikicat3


Wikicat3Wikidog3

References

  1. Hocks.com Website: Ketostix
  2. Hocks.com Website: Ketodiastix
  3. Precision Xtra-Blood Ketone Test Strips
  4. Understanding Diabetes-Ketone Testing
  5. Pet Education.com-Drs. Foster & Smith-Blood Glucose Curves
  6. NOAH Compendium UK-Caninsulin Dosage & Administration
  7. DVMNews:Glucose Testing-Blood vs Urine Tests
  8. Caninsulin-Monitoring-Page 5
  9. NOAH Compendium UK-Caninsulin-Dosage & Administration
  10. Ketone Testing
  11. Better Medicine E-newsletter June 2006
  12. Cephalexin/Keflex, Enrofloxacin/Baytril & Inaccurate Urine Glucose Testing in Dogs
  13. PetTalk.com-Sulfonamides
  14. PetTalk.com-Trimethoprim
  15. PetTalk.com-Ormetoprim
  16. Cephalexin/Keflex Information
  17. NOAH Compendium-UK-Cephorum
  18. NOAH Compendium-UK-Rilexine
  19. RXList.com-Suprax/Cefixime
  20. Cefotixin/Mefoxin=Petplace.com
  21. Cefpodoxime Proxetil/Simplicef-Petplace.com
  22. Cefotaxime/Claforan Petplace.com
  23. Merck Veterinary Manual-Dose Rates of Cephalosporins
  24. PetTalk.com-Enrofloxacin
  25. Enrofloxacin/Baytril Information
  26. Merck Veterinary Manual-Cephalosporins and Cephamycins-Special Clinical Concerns
  27. Medi-Vet.com-Albon
  28. NOAH Compendium-UK-Chanoprim
  29. NOAH Compendium-UK-Duphatrim
  30. NOAH Compendium-UK-Tribrissen
  31. NOAH Compendium-UK-Trinacol
  32. Merck Veterinary Manual-Dose Rates of Sulfonamides
  33. Sulfa Drugs by Brand Name & Hypoglycemia
  34. Merck Veterinary Manual-Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations-Special Clinical Concerns
  35. PetTalk.com-Chloramphenichol
  36. Chloramphenichol/Chloromycetin & Blood Glucose
  37. Merck Veterinary Manual-Chloramphenicol and Congeners-Special Clinical Concerns
  38. PetTalk.com-Tetracycline
  39. Tetracycline Medications & False Urine Test Results
  40. PetTalk.com-Doxycycline
  41. NOAH Compendium-UK-Ronaxan
  42. NOAH Compendium-UK-Doxyseptin
  43. Doxycycline Medications & False Urine Test Results
  44. Merck Veterinary Manual-Dose Rate of Penicillins-More Generic & Brand Names of Penicillin Family Drugs
  45. US National Institutes of Health-Medline-Penicillins
  46. Merck Veterinary Manual-Penicillins-Special Clinical Concerns
  47. US National Institutes of Health-Medline-Valproic Acid
  48. RXList.com-Suprax/Cefixime
  49. PetTalk.com-Vitamin C
  50. Vitamin C & False Test Results in Pets
  51. Vitamin C & False Test Results in Pets-Provet-UK
  52. Vitamin C & False Test Results in Pets-Provet-UK
  53. Precision Xtra Blood Ketone Test Strips
  54. Intervet-Urine Test Hints for Cats
  55. Intervet-Urine Test Hints for Dogs
  56. Healthypet.com Collecting Urine Samples