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==How it works in dogs== |
==How it works in dogs== |
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− | The majority of dogs on Caninsulin/Vetsulin (two-thirds) also will require twice-daily<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071117211147/http://www.vetsulin.com/Veterinarian/Regulation.html Vetsulin Insulin Requirements]</ref><ref>[http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Twice Daily Regimen for Dogs & Cats (Page 6)]</ref> injections. Intervet says that many dogs stabilize better on twice-daily insulin injections. They also point out that when shots are given twice instead of once daily, there are less [[hypoglycemia]] incidents and better blood glucose control<ref>[http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Starting Insulin in the Healthy Diabetic Patient (Page 4)]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10649757&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_DocSum Effect of Insulin Dosage on GlycemicResponse in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus: 221 cases (1993-1998)-Journal of the American Veterinary Association-2000]</ref>. |
+ | The majority of dogs on Caninsulin/Vetsulin (two-thirds) also will require twice-daily<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071117211147/http://www.vetsulin.com/Veterinarian/Regulation.html Vetsulin Insulin Requirements]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060820132503/http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Twice Daily Regimen for Dogs & Cats (Page 6)]</ref> injections. Intervet says that many dogs stabilize better on twice-daily insulin injections. They also point out that when shots are given twice instead of once daily, there are less [[hypoglycemia]] incidents and better blood glucose control<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060820132503/http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Starting Insulin in the Healthy Diabetic Patient (Page 4)]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10649757&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_DocSum Effect of Insulin Dosage on GlycemicResponse in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus: 221 cases (1993-1998)-Journal of the American Veterinary Association-2000]</ref>. |
Most vets are also not in favor of once-daily use because it is harder to regulate a dog on once-daily insulin than twice-daily dosing<ref>[http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7394 BD Diabetes-Insulin Injections for Dogs]</ref>. |
Most vets are also not in favor of once-daily use because it is harder to regulate a dog on once-daily insulin than twice-daily dosing<ref>[http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7394 BD Diabetes-Insulin Injections for Dogs]</ref>. |
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[[Image:Felineinsulin8.png|thumb|250px|right|Feline insulin differs from porcine in three amino acid positions-A-#8, A-#10 and A-#18.]]Caninsulin works (somewhat differently) in cats than dogs, sometimes having a shorter duration<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061104180550/http://www.caninsulin.com/documents/061626.pdf Caninsulin-Page 2]</ref>. Note feline usage was recently approved by the FDA in the US <ref>http://www.vetsulin.com/PDF/Vetsulin_Dear_Doctor_Letter.pdf</ref>, and it is a widely prescribed insulin for cats in other countries. |
[[Image:Felineinsulin8.png|thumb|250px|right|Feline insulin differs from porcine in three amino acid positions-A-#8, A-#10 and A-#18.]]Caninsulin works (somewhat differently) in cats than dogs, sometimes having a shorter duration<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061104180550/http://www.caninsulin.com/documents/061626.pdf Caninsulin-Page 2]</ref>. Note feline usage was recently approved by the FDA in the US <ref>http://www.vetsulin.com/PDF/Vetsulin_Dear_Doctor_Letter.pdf</ref>, and it is a widely prescribed insulin for cats in other countries. |
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− | Caninsulin is a BID (two times a day) insulin<ref>[http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Twice Daily Regimen in Dogs and Cats (Page 6)]</ref><ref>[http://www.caninsulin.com/documents/061626.pdf Caninsulin-Page 2]</ref><ref>[http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Starting Insulin Therapy in the Healthy Diabetic Patient (Page 4)]</ref>. The bg drop experienced by cats can be a concern if not handled correctly. Because of the (sometimes) steep drop, it is important to make food available around the time of nadir to help "smooth" the curve. This can be done either with a timed feeder or free feeding your cat. |
+ | Caninsulin is a BID (two times a day) insulin<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060820132503/http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Twice Daily Regimen in Dogs and Cats (Page 6)]</ref><ref>[http://www.caninsulin.com/documents/061626.pdf Caninsulin-Page 2]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060820132503/http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103335.pdf Caninsulin-Starting Insulin Therapy in the Healthy Diabetic Patient (Page 4)]</ref>. The bg drop experienced by cats can be a concern if not handled correctly. Because of the (sometimes) steep drop, it is important to make food available around the time of nadir to help "smooth" the curve. This can be done either with a timed feeder or free feeding your cat. |
Though some cats can have good results with Caninsulin, (See the case of Butterscotch at [[:Category:Feline Caninsulin-Vetsulin users|Caninsulin-Vetsulin cases]]) the typical curve, as reproduced here from the manufacturer's website, is very fast-acting and harsh for the first four hours, and doesn't have the duration necessary for 12-hour dosages. If having poor results and it's at all possible to switch to [[Levemir]], [[Lantus]], or [[PZI]] insulin, try to do so. |
Though some cats can have good results with Caninsulin, (See the case of Butterscotch at [[:Category:Feline Caninsulin-Vetsulin users|Caninsulin-Vetsulin cases]]) the typical curve, as reproduced here from the manufacturer's website, is very fast-acting and harsh for the first four hours, and doesn't have the duration necessary for 12-hour dosages. If having poor results and it's at all possible to switch to [[Levemir]], [[Lantus]], or [[PZI]] insulin, try to do so. |
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− | <center>http://www.intervetusa.com/images/product_photos/VetsulinNew%20frame.jpg http://www.intervet.fr/Binaries/71_94832.jpg<br>Vetsulin in ten 2.5ml vial pack and 10ml vial. French Caninsulin syringes.</center> |
+ | <center>http://www.intervetusa.com/images/product_photos/VetsulinNew%20frame.jpg http://web.archive.org/web/20051013033250/http://www.intervet.fr/Binaries/71_94832.jpg<br>Vetsulin in ten 2.5ml vial pack and 10ml vial. French Caninsulin syringes.</center> |
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[[Image:40iusyringe.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Caninsulin 1/2 cc U40 insulin syringe. Note red needle cap designating this syringe is for U40 insulin; syringes for U100 strength insulins have orange caps.]] |
[[Image:40iusyringe.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Caninsulin 1/2 cc U40 insulin syringe. Note red needle cap designating this syringe is for U40 insulin; syringes for U100 strength insulins have orange caps.]] |
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− | Because Caninsulin is a U40 insulin, U40 [[syringe#U40_Syringes|syringes]] are the most helpful. If you choose to use a U100 syringe, you must do the U40 to U100 conversion<ref>[http://www.felinediabetes.com/insulin-conversions.htm FDMB-Using U40 Insulin in a U100 Syringe]</ref><ref>[http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103334.pdf Using Caninsulin With a U100 Syringe-Page 2]</ref>. The conversion is not difficult and can give you precision of 0.2 units for those animals needing a more precise dose. |
+ | Because Caninsulin is a U40 insulin, U40 [[syringe#U40_Syringes|syringes]] are the most helpful. If you choose to use a U100 syringe, you must do the U40 to U100 conversion<ref>[http://www.felinediabetes.com/insulin-conversions.htm FDMB-Using U40 Insulin in a U100 Syringe]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060820132438/http://www.intervet.com.au/binaries/82_103334.pdf Using Caninsulin With a U100 Syringe-Page 2]</ref>. The conversion is not difficult and can give you precision of 0.2 units for those animals needing a more precise dose. |
<center>http://pets.intervet.it/binaries/96_104633.jpg<br>Caninsulin/Vetsulin branded syringes do not appear the same world-wide. Above is a photo of Caninsulin syringes sold in Italy; French Caninsulin syringes are shown above.</center> |
<center>http://pets.intervet.it/binaries/96_104633.jpg<br>Caninsulin/Vetsulin branded syringes do not appear the same world-wide. Above is a photo of Caninsulin syringes sold in Italy; French Caninsulin syringes are shown above.</center> |
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==Technical details== |
==Technical details== |
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− | Caninsulin is a pork-based lente insulin. It is a suspension of crystalline (ultralente) and amorphous (semilente) insulins in a 70/30 ratio, as are all [[Lente]] insulins<ref>[http://petdiabetes.wikia.com/images/1/17/205602en6_monotard.pdf EMEA Scientific Discussion Monotard]</ref>.[[Iletin II Lente]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061011072938/http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/appletter/2003/18347slr025ltr.pdf US-FDA Iletin II Lente Discontinuation Material 2003]</ref> by [[Eli Lilly]] and [[Monotard Pork]] by [[Novo Nordisk]] were pork lente insulins. The difference between them is: '''Vetsulin'''/[[Caninsulin]] is made by [[Intervet]] for veterinary use and is a U40 strength insulin--the Lilly and Novo insulins were U100 strength. U40 insulin is more convenient for small animals since it's more dilute and you can therefore give [[fine doses]] more easily. |
+ | Caninsulin is a pork-based lente insulin. It is a suspension of crystalline (ultralente) and amorphous (semilente) insulins in a 70/30 ratio, as are all [[Lente]] insulins<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061118033751/http://petdiabetes.wikia.com/images/1/17/205602en6_monotard.pdf EMEA Scientific Discussion Monotard]</ref>.[[Iletin II Lente]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061011072938/http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/appletter/2003/18347slr025ltr.pdf US-FDA Iletin II Lente Discontinuation Material 2003]</ref> by [[Eli Lilly]] and [[Monotard Pork]] by [[Novo Nordisk]] were pork lente insulins. The difference between them is: '''Vetsulin'''/[[Caninsulin]] is made by [[Intervet]] for veterinary use and is a U40 strength insulin--the Lilly and Novo insulins were U100 strength. U40 insulin is more convenient for small animals since it's more dilute and you can therefore give [[fine doses]] more easily. |
[[Image:Canineinsulin8.png|thumb|250px|left|Canine insulin compared with Bovine, Human, & Porcine versions. Up to 2 amino acids differ. Canine and porcine are identical<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071227225814/http://www.caninsulin.com/Products-Caninsulin.asp Intervet-Caninsulin-Product Information]</ref>.]] |
[[Image:Canineinsulin8.png|thumb|250px|left|Canine insulin compared with Bovine, Human, & Porcine versions. Up to 2 amino acids differ. Canine and porcine are identical<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071227225814/http://www.caninsulin.com/Products-Caninsulin.asp Intervet-Caninsulin-Product Information]</ref>.]] |
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* [http://www.vetsulin.com/ Vetsulin web site] |
* [http://www.vetsulin.com/ Vetsulin web site] |
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*[http://www.petpharm.org/ PetPharm] offers Caninsulin as an over the counter (OTC) medication. Their policy is to ship insulin within Canada only with deliveries made by courier. |
*[http://www.petpharm.org/ PetPharm] offers Caninsulin as an over the counter (OTC) medication. Their policy is to ship insulin within Canada only with deliveries made by courier. |
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− | *[http://www.bestpetpharmacy.co.uk Best Pet Pharmacy] is online and UK-based, serving the UK and Northern Ireland only. As of October 31, 2005, UK law abolished all charges vets could make for writing prescriptions so one could possibly obtain medications cheaper elsewhere. All insulins in the UK are considered POM--prescription-only medications<ref>[http://www.vmd.gov.uk/ProductInfo/AuthMed/categories.htm List of POM Veterinary Medications]</ref><ref>[http://www.vmd.gov.uk/ProductInfo/AuthMed/categories.htm Current Veterinary POM Medications-UK]</ref><ref>[http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file13937.pdf DTI-UK-Page 3]</ref>. Abolition of the fees for writing prescriptions makes it possible to obtain one and then shop with them online. |
+ | *[http://www.bestpetpharmacy.co.uk Best Pet Pharmacy] is online and UK-based, serving the UK and Northern Ireland only. As of October 31, 2005, UK law abolished all charges vets could make for writing prescriptions so one could possibly obtain medications cheaper elsewhere. All insulins in the UK are considered POM--prescription-only medications<ref>[http://www.vmd.gov.uk/ProductInfo/AuthMed/categories.htm List of POM Veterinary Medications]</ref><ref>[http://www.vmd.gov.uk/ProductInfo/AuthMed/categories.htm Current Veterinary POM Medications-UK]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061209060135/http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file13937.pdf DTI-UK-Page 3]</ref>. Abolition of the fees for writing prescriptions makes it possible to obtain one and then shop with them online. |
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071219154207/http://www.caninsulin.co.uk/Faqsanswers.asp Use in rabbits] Though not licensed/approved for use in rabbits, Intervet presents some helpful information on using Caninsulin/Vetsulin for them. |
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071219154207/http://www.caninsulin.co.uk/Faqsanswers.asp Use in rabbits] Though not licensed/approved for use in rabbits, Intervet presents some helpful information on using Caninsulin/Vetsulin for them. |
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*[http://www.vet-medic.com/images/products/large/CANI3.jpg Click Here For Photo of Caninsulin Syringe With Magnifier] |
*[http://www.vet-medic.com/images/products/large/CANI3.jpg Click Here For Photo of Caninsulin Syringe With Magnifier] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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+ | <references group="Pets Drug Mart www.petsdrugmart.ca ships Caninsulin" /> |
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− | <references/> |
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[[Category:Insulins]][[Category:intermediate-acting]][[Category:Lente]] |
[[Category:Insulins]][[Category:intermediate-acting]][[Category:Lente]] |
Latest revision as of 04:24, 7 July 2017
Caninsulin | |
Lente by Intervet | |
intermediate-acting | Porcine |
U40 | Zinc |
Line | Intervet |
Also known as | Vetsulin in US |
Similar to |
|
Action in cats |
|
Action in dogs |
|
Use and Handling | |
---|---|
Type | cloudy |
Shelf Life | 24 months |
When opened | 28 days room temp. |
In pen | N/A |
Notes |
|
Caninsulin[4], manufactured by Intervet and known in some countries as Vetsulin[5], is a veterinary porcine lente insulin, made up of 30% semilente (short-acting) and 70% ultralente (long acting) insulins.
At present in the US, Caninsulin is FDA-approved for use only in dogs and, just recently, for cats, under the trade name Vetsulin. However, was often used in the US legally "off label" for cats, prior to formal approval.[6].
How it works in dogs
The majority of dogs on Caninsulin/Vetsulin (two-thirds) also will require twice-daily[7][8] injections. Intervet says that many dogs stabilize better on twice-daily insulin injections. They also point out that when shots are given twice instead of once daily, there are less hypoglycemia incidents and better blood glucose control[9][10].
Most vets are also not in favor of once-daily use because it is harder to regulate a dog on once-daily insulin than twice-daily dosing[11].
Caninsulin/Vetsulin is a lente insulin, which is classed as intermediate, not long acting. Long acting insulins (such as Lantus,[12][13] Ultralente, PZI) have a poor success rate among dogs.
Canine activity graphs
For those with dogs, here is a graph of the canine activity.
Once-daily vs twice-daily injections
This blood glucose graph of Somogyi rebound shows a small dog on once-daily porcine lente injections. You can see how the large insulin dose in once-daily regimens produces a steep low at insulin peak. Note: values are shown in mmol/l (non-US) measurement.
http://www.vin.com/ImageDBPub/TN20000/TN_IMC16198_550X0Y.jpg
Contrast this with a blood glucose graph with a twice-daily insulin regimen where food and insulin are given on a 12 hour basis. Note: values are shown in mmol/l (non-US) measurement.
http://www.vin.com/ImageDBPub/TN20000/TN_IMC16196_550X0Y.jpg
How it works in cats
Caninsulin works (somewhat differently) in cats than dogs, sometimes having a shorter duration[14]. Note feline usage was recently approved by the FDA in the US [15], and it is a widely prescribed insulin for cats in other countries.
Caninsulin is a BID (two times a day) insulin[16][17][18]. The bg drop experienced by cats can be a concern if not handled correctly. Because of the (sometimes) steep drop, it is important to make food available around the time of nadir to help "smooth" the curve. This can be done either with a timed feeder or free feeding your cat.
Though some cats can have good results with Caninsulin, (See the case of Butterscotch at Caninsulin-Vetsulin cases) the typical curve, as reproduced here from the manufacturer's website, is very fast-acting and harsh for the first four hours, and doesn't have the duration necessary for 12-hour dosages. If having poor results and it's at all possible to switch to Levemir, Lantus, or PZI insulin, try to do so.
Feline activity graph
US scale
Int'l scale
Further Information
It is a veterinary use prescribed insulin and in most countries must either be purchased directly from your vet or with a prescription.
In Canada, Caninsulin is available OTC, or over the counter[19] online. It is also available online with a prescription[20][21] in some countries, and may cost less that way.
Caninsulin and Vetsulin can be purchased in three ways: a pack of ten 2.5ml vials, the more traditional 10 ml vial or a single vial of 2.5ml. Cats and and small dogs can get new vials monthly without wasting.
Vetsulin in ten 2.5ml vial pack and 10ml vial. French Caninsulin syringes.
Caninsulin/Vetsulin syringes
Because Caninsulin is a U40 insulin, U40 syringes are the most helpful. If you choose to use a U100 syringe, you must do the U40 to U100 conversion[22][23]. The conversion is not difficult and can give you precision of 0.2 units for those animals needing a more precise dose.
Caninsulin/Vetsulin branded syringes do not appear the same world-wide. Above is a photo of Caninsulin syringes sold in Italy; French Caninsulin syringes are shown above.
Technical details
Caninsulin is a pork-based lente insulin. It is a suspension of crystalline (ultralente) and amorphous (semilente) insulins in a 70/30 ratio, as are all Lente insulins[24].Iletin II Lente[25] by Eli Lilly and Monotard Pork by Novo Nordisk were pork lente insulins. The difference between them is: Vetsulin/Caninsulin is made by Intervet for veterinary use and is a U40 strength insulin--the Lilly and Novo insulins were U100 strength. U40 insulin is more convenient for small animals since it's more dilute and you can therefore give fine doses more easily.
Caninsulin is an aqueous suspension of insulin containing 40 IU per ml of highly purified porcine insulin (Lente); 30% is amorphous[27] (non-crystallized) zinc (Semilente) insulin and 70% crystalline (in crystal form) zinc (Ultralente) insulin. The difference between Caninsulin and both Iletin II Lente[28] made by Eli Lilly and Monotard Pork[29] made by Novo Nordisk is this: Caninsulin/Vetsulin is a veterinary insulin of U40 strength. Both Novo's and Lilly's insulins were U100 strength.
Caninsulin contains porcine insulin. Porcine insulin is identical to canine insulin[30], but differs from human insulin in respect of one key amino acid. Porcine insulin differs from feline insulin in 3 amino acid positions shown in the table below[31]. Human insulins (i.e. Lantus) differ from from feline insulin by all four key amino acids.
What Lente Is Not
No Lente-type insulin regardless of species can contain any NPH/isophane insulin[32] or any R/Neutral insulin[33][34].
Both are chemically impossible: the phenol preservative present in NPH/isophane alters the action of Lente-type insulins, creating a mixture with an approximate action of R/Neutral[35].
The zinc suspension of Lente-type insulin binds R/Neutral, causing the short-acting insulin to slow, losing its short-acting effect[36][37].
Lente-type insulins cannot be dispensed in pen or cartridge form because the glass ball used to mix the insulin in these devices will shatter the Lente crystals[38].
Combining Lente Family Insulins
None of the Lente family of insulins (semilente, Lente, Ultralente) can be combined with[39] NPH/isophane insulins. The phenol preservatives present in NPH-type insulins alters the Lente-types to the point where they become a close approximation of R/neutral, with regard to action[40][41]. Keeping the phenol preservatives in mind, all protamine-suspended insulin mixes would be "off limits" regarding same syringe mixing with any Lente-type insulins[42]. |
Insulin manufacturers[43] indicate that R/neutral and semilente, Lente, ultralente insulins are able to be combined in the same syringe, but only just before injection. In pre-filled syringes, the zinc suspension of the Lente-type insulins binds the R/neutral, causing it to lose its short-acting effect. Various studies have documented this, and some doctors advise against using R/neutral in the same syringe with the Lente family of insulins[44][45][46][47].
Further Reading
- Efficacy & Safety of a Purified Porcine Insulin Zinc Suspension for Managing Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs-JAVMA-Dr. Laxton, et. al.-2005
- Horn-Mitten study from Australian Veterinary Journal, citing Church's study equating Caninsulin with Monotard Pork, thus the need for two shots a day in dogs.
- Australian Veterinary Journal-Drs. Horn & Mitten Respond to Caninsulin Once-Daily Dosing Claims for Dogs
- Dog ear infection
- Pancreatitis in dogs
- Ivermectin for dogs
- Caninsulin web site
- Vetsulin web site
- PetPharm offers Caninsulin as an over the counter (OTC) medication. Their policy is to ship insulin within Canada only with deliveries made by courier.
- Best Pet Pharmacy is online and UK-based, serving the UK and Northern Ireland only. As of October 31, 2005, UK law abolished all charges vets could make for writing prescriptions so one could possibly obtain medications cheaper elsewhere. All insulins in the UK are considered POM--prescription-only medications[48][49][50]. Abolition of the fees for writing prescriptions makes it possible to obtain one and then shop with them online.
- Use in rabbits Though not licensed/approved for use in rabbits, Intervet presents some helpful information on using Caninsulin/Vetsulin for them.
- Click Here For Photo of Caninsulin Syringe With Magnifier
- Intervet UK-Caninsulin Product Data Sheet
- OSU Endocrinology Symposium 2006-Selecting an Insulin for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs & Cats-Nelson-Page 39
- Better Medicine-E-Newsletter-June 2006
References
- ↑ Caninsulin-Can I Still Use a Vial of Caninsulin if it Freezes?-FAQ
- ↑ Caninsulin-What Should Caninsulin Look Like?-FAQ
- ↑ VetstreamCanis-Intervet UK-Caninsulin
- ↑ Caninsulin-Pharmacokinetics
- ↑ Vetsulin Website
- ↑ http://www.vetsulin.com/PDF/Vetsulin_Dear_Doctor_Letter.pdf
- ↑ Vetsulin Insulin Requirements
- ↑ Caninsulin-Twice Daily Regimen for Dogs & Cats (Page 6)
- ↑ Caninsulin-Starting Insulin in the Healthy Diabetic Patient (Page 4)
- ↑ Effect of Insulin Dosage on GlycemicResponse in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus: 221 cases (1993-1998)-Journal of the American Veterinary Association-2000
- ↑ BD Diabetes-Insulin Injections for Dogs
- ↑ Fleeman & Rand-Comparison of Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics of Glargine (Lantus), Protamine Zinc (PZI) & Pork Lente in Dogs
- ↑ Selecting an Insulin for Treating Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs & Cats-Nelson-OSU Endocrinology Symposium 2006 Page 40
- ↑ Caninsulin-Page 2
- ↑ http://www.vetsulin.com/PDF/Vetsulin_Dear_Doctor_Letter.pdf
- ↑ Caninsulin-Twice Daily Regimen in Dogs and Cats (Page 6)
- ↑ Caninsulin-Page 2
- ↑ Caninsulin-Starting Insulin Therapy in the Healthy Diabetic Patient (Page 4)
- ↑ PetPharm.org-Canadian Shipping Only for Caninsulin
- ↑ 1800 PetMeds Website
- ↑ BestPet Pharmacy--UK Only
- ↑ FDMB-Using U40 Insulin in a U100 Syringe
- ↑ Using Caninsulin With a U100 Syringe-Page 2
- ↑ EMEA Scientific Discussion Monotard
- ↑ US-FDA Iletin II Lente Discontinuation Material 2003
- ↑ Intervet-Caninsulin-Product Information
- ↑ Merck Manual Amorphous Definition
- ↑ Iletin II Lente-Lente Pork Insulin Remedyfind.com
- ↑ Evaluation of an Insulin Zinc Suspension for Control of naturally Occurring Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs-Australian Veterinary Journal-2000 (Page 3)
- ↑ Intervet-Caninsulin-Product Information
- ↑ Amino Acid Sequences
- ↑ Combining Lente-type Insulins with Phenol-Preserved Insulins
- ↑ Lente Zinc Suspension Causes Loss Of R/Neutral Short-Acting Effect
- ↑ Availability of Soluble (R/Neutral) Insulin in Mixed Preparations With Crystalline (Lente) & Ultralente GE Insulin-Clinical Therapeutics-1991
- ↑ Lente-Type Insulins & NPH/Isophane Insulins-A Bad Combination
- ↑ Intermediate-Acting Insulin Preparations: NPH (Isophane) & Lente Diabetes Care-1980
Note--in 1980, there was only beef Lente-type insulin--no pork or r-DNA/GE/GMLente insulins - ↑ Resource Guide-2005-American Diabetes Association
- ↑ Insulin-Dependent Diabetes--Page 10--Dr. Ragnar Hanas
- ↑ Phenol Preservatives & Lente-type Insulins--A Bad Combination
- ↑ Lente-Type Insulins & NPH/Isophane Insulins-A Bad Combination
- ↑ RxEd.org-Insulin Therapy-Mixing Precautions
- ↑ RxEd.org-Insulin Therapy-Mixing Precautions
- ↑ Insulin Producers vs Doctors Re:Combining R/Neutral & Lente-type Insulins
- ↑ Availability of Soluble (R/Neutral) Insulin in Mixed Preparations of Crystalline (Lente) & Ultralente GE Insulins-Clinical Therapeutics-1991
- ↑ Absorption Kinetics & Action Profiles-Single Subcutaneous Administration of Human Soluble (R/Neutral) & Lente Insulin-Diabetes Care-1987
- ↑ Delayed Onset of Action of Soluble (R/Neutral) Insulin After Premixing With Lente Insulin Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice-1983
- ↑ RxEd.org-Insulin Therapy-Mixing Precautions
- ↑ List of POM Veterinary Medications
- ↑ Current Veterinary POM Medications-UK
- ↑ DTI-UK-Page 3